Tropes

Metaphor

The substitution of a word for a word whose meaning is close to the original word
Poor broken glass, I often did behold/ In thy sweet semblance my old age new born...---The Rape of Lucrece,1758-59

a noun is substituted for a noun in such a way that we substitute the cause of the thing of which we are speaking for the thing itself; this might be done in several ways: substituting the inventor for his invention, the container for the thing contained or vice versa, an author for his work, the sign for the thing signified, the cause for the effect or vice versa
I must comfort the weaker vessel, as doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat.---As You Like It, 2.4.6

Substitution of part for whole, genus for species, or vice versa
Was this the face that launched a thousand ships,/ And burnt the topless towers of Ilium?---Dr. Faustus, 12.80-81

Expressing a meaning directly contrary to that suggested by the words
He was no notorious malefactor, but he had been twice on the pillory, and once burnt in the hand for trifling oversights.---Direccions for Speech and Style

A double metonymy in which an effect is represented by a remote cause
Woe worth the mountain that the mast bear/ Which was the first causer of all my care (Medea cursing Jason).---The Arte of English Poesie, 183

A seemingly self contradictory statement, which yet is shown to be true
For what the waves could never wash away/ This proper youth has wasted in a day.---The Arte of English Poesie, 226

A condensed paradox at the level of a phrase
O modest wantons! wanton modesty!---The Rape of Lucrece, 401

The substitution of one part of speech for another; for instance, an adverb for a noun or a noun for an adverb
Lord Angelo dukes it well.---Measure for Measure, 3.2.100

Deliberate understatement or denial of the contrary
He is no fool.---The Arte of English Poesie, 184

exaggerated or extravagant statement used to make a strong impression, but not intended to be taken literally
His legs bestrid the ocean, his rear'd arm/ Crested the world, his voice was propertied/ As all the tuned spheres...---Antony and Cleopatra, 5.2.82